Circular functions

13.6 Circular Functions Define and use the trigonometric functions based on the unit circle. Find the exact value of trigonometric functions of angles.

A circle with center at (0, 0) and radius 1 is called a unit circle. The equation of this circle would be So points on this circle must satisfy this equation. (1,0) (0,1) (0,-1) (-1,0)

Let's pick a point on the circle. We'll choose a point where the x is 1/2. If the x is 1/2, what is the y value? (1,0) (0,1) (0,-1) (-1,0) x = 1/2 You can see there are two y values. They can be found by putting 1/2 into the equation for x and solving for y . We'll look at a larger version of this and make a right triangle.

The Circular Functions Circular Functions

(1,0) (0,1) (0,-1) (-1,0)  We know all of the sides of this triangle. The bottom leg is just the x value of the point, the other leg is just the y value and the hypotenuse is always 1 because it is a radius of the circle. Notice the sine is just the y value of the unit circle point and the cosine is just the x value.

(1,0) (0,1) (0,-1) (-1,0) We divide the unit circle into various pieces and learn the point values so we can then from memory find trig functions.  So if I want a trig function for  whose terminal side contains a point on the unit circle, the y value is the sine, the x value is the cosine and y / x is the tangent.

Here is the unit circle divided into 8 pieces. Can you figure out how many degrees are in each division? 45 ° We can label this all the way around with how many degrees an angle would be and the point on the unit circle that corresponds with the terminal side of the angle. We could then find any of the trig functions. 45 ° 90 ° 0 ° 135 ° 180 ° 225 ° 270 ° 315° These are easy to memorize since they all have the same value with different signs depending on the quadrant.

Can you figure out what these angles would be in radians? The circle is 2  all the way around so half way is  . The upper half is divided into 4 pieces so each piece is  /4. 45 ° 90 ° 0 ° 135 ° 180 ° 225 ° 270 ° 315°

Here is the unit circle divided into 12 pieces. Can you figure out how many degrees are in each division? 30 ° We can again label the points on the circle and the sine is the y value, the cosine is the x value and the tangent is y over x . 30 ° 90 ° 0 ° 120 ° 180 ° 210 ° 270 ° 330° You'll need to memorize these too but you can see the pattern. 60 ° 150 ° 240 ° 300 °

Can you figure out what the angles would be in radians? 30 ° It is still  halfway around the circle and the upper half is divided into 6 pieces so each piece is  /6. 30 ° 90 ° 0 ° 120 ° 180 ° 210 ° 270 ° 330° 60 ° 150 ° 240 ° 300 ° We'll see them all put together on the unit circle on the next screen.

You should memorize this. This is a great reference because you can figure out the trig functions of all these angles quickly.

Let’s think about the function f (  ) = sin  What is the domain? (remember domain means the “legal” things you can put in for  ). You can put in anything you want so the domain is all real numbers. What is the range? (remember range means what you get out of the function) . The range is: -1  sin   1 (1, 0) (0, 1) (-1, 0) (0, -1) Let’s look at the unit circle to answer that. What is the lowest and highest value you’d ever get for sine? (sine is the y value so what is the lowest and highest y value?)

Let’s think about the function f (  ) = cos  What is the domain? (remember domain means the “legal” things you can put in for  ). You can put in anything you want so the domain is all real numbers. What is the range? (remember range means what you get out of the function) . The range is: -1  cos   1 (1, 0) (0, 1) (-1, 0) (0, -1) Let’s look at the unit circle to answer that. What is the lowest and highest value you’d ever get for cosine? (cosine is the x value so what is the lowest and highest x value?)

What does the graph of sine and cosine look like? This same information is presented on the graphs of the sine and cosine functions, where the horizontal axis shows the values of and the vertical axis shows the values of sin or cos . Note we will learn how to graph trig functions in chapter 14.

Circular Graphs Here we can see what happens when we plot the function y=sin(x) on a graph. x is the angle and y is the y coordinate on the unit circle? http://www.ies.co.jp/math/products/trig/applets/graphSinX/graphSinX.html

Circular Graphs What would happen after 360 °? After 360 ° you would circle the unit circle again and again with the same y values so the curve would repeat itself forever.

Circular Functions All trigonometric functions or Circular functions have values that repeat around the unit circle. Because of this they all have “curves” that repeat when they are graphed.

Sin and Cos Graphs The Sine graph looks like:

Sin and Cos Graphs What would the graph y=cos(x) look like? Similar to the graph for sin since it is still all the same values from the unit circle, but since it is the x coordinate it will look different, lets graph it

Domain and Range What is the domain of both of these functions? What is the range?

Look at the unit circle and determine sin 420 °. All the way around is 360 ° so we’ll need more than that. We see that it will be the same as sin 60° since they are coterminal angles. So sin 420 ° = sin 60°. In fact sin 780 ° = sin 60° since that is just another 360° beyond 420°. Because the sine values are equal for coterminal angles that are multiples of 360° added to an angle, we say that the sine is periodic with a period of 360° or 2  .

Periodic Functions A periodic function is a function with a repeating pattern this includes sin and cos graphs.

The cosine is also periodic with a period of 360° or 2  . We see that they repeat every  so the tangent’s period is  . Let's label the unit circle with values of the tangent. (Remember this is just y / x )

Reciprocal functions have the same period. PERIODIC PROPERTIES sin(  + 2  ) = sin  cosec(  + 2  ) = cosec  cos(  + 2  ) = cos  sec(  + 2  ) = sec  tan(  +  ) = tan  cot(  +  ) = cot  1 (you can count around on unit circle or subtract the period twice.) This would have the same value as

Now let’s look at the unit circle to compare trig functions of positive vs. negative angles. Remember negative angle means to go clockwise

Recall from College Algebra that if we put a negative in the function and get the original back it is an even function .

Recall from College Algebra that if we put a negative in the function and get the negative of the function back it is an odd function .

If a function is even, its reciprocal function will be also. If a function is odd its reciprocal will be also. EVEN-ODD PROPERTIES sin(-  ) = - sin  (odd) cosec(-  ) = - cosec  (odd) cos(-  ) = cos  (even) sec(-  ) = sec  (even) tan(-  ) = - tan  (odd) cot(-  ) = - cot  (odd)

Circular functions

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Circular functions